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<description>Expostulations by Anthony Flood</description>
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<dc:date>2007-09-28T17:09+00:00</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1177950870.shtml">
<title>British Libertarian Scholar Defends the Right to Deny</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1177950870.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2007-04-30T16:04+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
My favorite British libertarian writer has once again shown how to combine eloquence with courage.  The topic is the right to deny, in whole or in part, details of a contingent historical narrative as if it were <i>not</i> Holy Writ, a test any libertarian worthy of the name should regard as a "no-brainer."   <br />
<br />
Unfortunately many Americans libertarians fail that test by their silence.  Some of them will not breathe a word about the plight of incarcerated writers, not even the one who was <a href="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1175530860.shtml">kidnapped on American soil</a> and deported to lands that yawn at the mention of our First Amendment right.  Yet these same pundits have plenty to share with us about their antiquarian, cultural, and even dietary pastimes.  You would never know from visiting their sites that the right to offend Holocaust orthodoxy with impunity had anything to do with being anti-state, anti-war, or pro-market.<br />
<br />
As Dr. Gabb shows, defending the right of someone to deny the Holocaust without fear of sanctions does not commit the defender to any version of events, ortho- or heterodox.  In fact, Gabb regards as probably true (what he takes to be) the central factual claim of the standard (i.e., culturally transmitted) Holocaust narrative, namely, the Third Reich’s intensification of its targeting of Jews, toward the end of the Second World War, resulting in millions of murders in its occupied territories.  <br />
<br />
But Gabb’s judgment of centrality is neither here nor there.  What is of moment is the impetus toward totalitarianism in Europe.  The increased compulsion there toward uniformity of creed on an historical contingency that invariably figures into contemporary rationales for war should concern us.  As Gabb has it, “It is one of the most ominous signs of the modern counter-Enlightenment that people can again be persecuted for their opinions.”<br />
<br />
I beg visitors who won’t take the time to read the whole of Gabb’s marvelous piece, and the epistemological questions it raises, to read at least a few more of my favorite sentences therefrom:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
“What some call the promotion of hatred others call telling the truth. Quite often, whatever opinion the rich and powerful do not like they will find some means of calling ‘hatred.’  In any event, we believe in the right to promote hatred by any means that do not fall within the Common Law definition of assault.”<br />
<br />
“. . . in the standard accounts of the Second World War, the Katyn Wood massacre used to be blamed on the Germans, and now it is blamed on the Soviets. How can I be sure that the same is not true for the holocaust?”<br />
<br />
“. . . I can believe that Hitler was a bad man: this does not require me to believe that he ate human flesh.”<br />
<br />
“. . . considered purely in itself, the revisionist material is as persuasive as that of the mainstream historians.  At least one side in this debate is lying, and lying very fluently—but I am not able, on the basis of the evidence offered, to say who is lying.”<br />
<br />
“I believe in the central fact of the holocaust.  On the secondary issues mentioned above, where my authorities do not agree, I suspend judgment.  Take away the freedom to argue with or against these authorities, though, and my assurance that they are right must be weakened.”<br />
<br />
“Laws to compel belief in the holocaust do not mean it did not happen. But they do allow people to ask what kind of truth this is that needs laws to defend it. There are many people who know even less about the holocaust than I do, and who deny that it happened simply because David Irving is generally acknowledged to be an expert of sorts on the period, and he had to be locked up before he would shut up.”<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Enough spoilers.  Read the article.  And as uniformity means just that, be prepared to defend in the near future not only “thought-criminals,” but their defenders as well.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.seangabb.co.uk/flcomm/flc159.htm">Defending the Right to Deny the Holocaust</a> <br />
by Sean Gabb</b><br />
<br />
Last week, on the 19th April, the Justice Ministers of the European Union agreed to make "incitement to racism and xenophobia" a <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6573005.stm">criminal offence</a> in all 27 member states. Despite the best efforts of the German Government, this does not mean that sceptical comments on the holocaust will become a crime in any European country where it is not so already. I am surprised that the British Government held out for a moderating of the final document so that all speech short of "incitement" will remain free. <br />
<br />
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But I doubt if the agreement made last week will be the last word in the matter. Already, nine member states of the European Union <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial#Laws_against_Holocaust_denial">punish</a> denial or "gross revision" with imprisonment. There are calls for <a href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/3274/edition_id/58/format/html/displaystory.html">criminalisation</a>  in England. I have no doubt these calls will grow louder.<br />
<br />
My own view—and I speak on this matter not only for me but also for the Libertarian Alliance—is that there should be no restrictions on freedom of speech where public affairs are concerned. This involves, among much else, the right to say anything at all about politics, religion, sex, science or history. It is no business of the State to tell people what they can and cannot think. Our bodies are our own. Our minds are our own. What we do with them is our business. It is one of the highest glories of the Enlightenment that states were shamed out of dragooning people into the various established worships of Europe. It is one of the most ominous signs of the modern counter-Enlightenment that people can again be persecuted for their opinions.<br />
<br />
Of course, there are people who claim to believe in freedom of speech, but who say that the promotion of "hatred" is a distinct matter. They say that "hate speech" is direct or indirect incitement to acts of violence against others, and so should be put down by law. This is not, on their reasoning, censorship. It is simply a matter of keeping the peace.<br />
We in the Libertarian Alliance reject this supposed distinction. What some call the promotion of hatred others call telling the truth. Quite often, whatever opinion the rich and powerful do not like they will find some means of calling "hatred". In any event, we believe in the right to promote hatred by any means that do not fall within the Common Law definition of assault.<br />
<br />
Perhaps you are one of those people who believe in a distinction between free speech and hate speech. This being so, I will drop any further mention of abstract rights and turn to a practical argument that is ultimately just as connected with keeping the peace. Let me ask: what reason have I to believe that the holocaust really happened?<br />
<br />
The obvious answer—that the standard history books say it happened—is not in itself much good. My first degree was in History, and I know enough about certain periods to say with confidence that even standard secondary sources are riddled with errors that sometimes amount to actual falsehoods. I will not discuss the numerous claims of doubtful truth made about the Later Roman Empire. I will only observe that, in the standard accounts of the Second World War, the Katyn Wood massacre used to be blamed on the Germans, and now it is blamed on the Soviets. How can I be sure that the same is not true for the holocaust?<br />
<br />
The next answer—that there are many witnesses to the holocaust still alive—is also not much good in itself. These people may have been in a concentration camp, and they may have seen atrocities. They did not see the holocaust in any synoptic sense. They may have been mistaken. One of my grandmothers, for example, lived in Kent all through the Second World War, and she went to her grave insisting that there had been an unsuccessful German invasion of England in 1940. There are millions of people who claim to have seen plaster statues of the Virgin weep real tears, and I am perfectly assured they are mistaken or lying. How do I not know that the holocaust survivors I have met or seen on television were not mistaken or lying?<br />
<br />
Or there is the argument from the agreed nature of the Hitler Regime. Almost everyone accepts that this acted in defiance of—and perhaps in open contempt for—the norms of civilised behaviour. This may be evidence for the probability of a holocaust. But it is hardly proof that one happened. On the same reasoning, I can believe that Hitler was a bad man: this does not require me to believe that he ate human flesh.<br />
<br />
To answer the question properly for myself, of whether the holocaust happened, I need skills and knowledge that I do not have and do not feel inclined to acquire. I need a good understanding of German, Polish, Russian, Hungarian and Hebrew, among other languages. I need to be able to track down a mass of primary sources, most of which are unpublished but are in various European and American archives. To evaluate all this, I need technical knowledge that I do not have - knowledge, for instance, about the lethal nature of Zyklon B gas, or of diesel fumes, or of how to burn bodies and dispose of the remains.<br />
<br />
I have not read even much of the secondary material that exists in English. This is not a subject that has interested me since I sat my O Levels. I have, though, read a very small selection of the material published on both sides of the debate. And what I can say of this is that, considered purely in itself, the revisionist material is as persuasive as that of the mainstream historians. At least one side in this debate is lying, and lying very fluently—but I am not able, on the basis of the evidence offered, to say who is lying.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, I believe with reasonable firmness that the German National Socialists did try, during the last years of the Second World War, to murder every Jew they could set hands on, and that they succeeded in murdering several million. Whether this was a plan centrally conceived and centrally directed, or whether most of the killings were deliberate murder or the effects of culpable negligence, are not matters on which I have any opinion. But on the central claim of the holocaust, I am reasonably assured.<br />
<br />
I am assured of this on the authority of the mainstream historians. I have no means of knowing for myself whether the holocaust happened. But I take it on trust that it did happen. That is true for me, and it is true for the overwhelming majority of everyone else who believes the same.<br />
<br />
There is nothing in its nature unsatisfactory about knowledge based on authority. Most of what we know we cannot demonstrate on any grounds of direct evidence. I "know", for example, that light travels at 186,000 miles per second, and that the Earth is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun, and that the Earth is around 5,000 million years old. I am completely incapable of demonstrating any of this. I might even have trouble arguing with a convinced flat-earther. I believe all these things and much more beside because nearly everyone else believes them.<br />
<br />
I grant that we should not believe too much on authority that we are competent to investigate for ourselves. But the only real concern with such knowledge is not that it is on authority, but that the authority should be good. What makes authority good? The best answer is when it can be openly contested by others who claim to know better, but who have not convinced reasonable onlookers that they do.<br />
<br />
With regard to the holocaust, I have—broadly speaking—two options. I can believe that it did happen roughly as claimed. Or I can believe that it is a gigantic conspiracy of lies maintained since the 1940s in the face of all evidence. Since debate remains free in the English-speaking world, it should be obvious what I am to believe. I believe in the central fact of the holocaust. On the secondary issues mentioned above, where my authorities do not agree, I suspend judgment.  Take away the freedom to argue with or against these authorities, though, and my assurance that they are right must be weakened.<br />
<br />
In my case, let me say, laws against revising or denying the holocaust will not destroy my belief that it happened. There is still the long preceding time of open debate, and the unlikelihood that compelling new evidence either way has been discovered now. There is also the fact that many people will insist on laws in support of evident truths. If you are Jewish, for example, it may be very upsetting for people to say that your grandparents were not murdered in Poland in 1944, but are alive and well and living in Finchley. Or you may worry that scepticism about the holocaust will prepare the way for a repeat of it. Then there are the obvious financial and moral advantages that certain Jews and the State of Israel have obtained from the holocaust. Cries of anti-semitism are a good closing tactic for many debates that might otherwise be lost.<br />
<br />
Laws to compel belief in the holocaust do not mean it did not happen. But they do allow people to ask what kind of truth this is that needs laws to defend it. There are many people who know even less about the holocaust than I do, and who deny that it happened simply because David Irving is generally acknowledged to be an expert of sorts on the period, and he had to be locked up before he would shut up.<br />
<br />
Open mockery of deeply-held views, deliberate and gross offence, savage abuse that barely stops short of incitement to violence - these may well disturb the peace. Far worse, though, is the sort of hatred that boils beneath a seemingly placid surface, and then erupts into a disorder that cannot be checked by reason. That is the danger of laws to compel belief in the holocaust.<br />
<br />
And they make cranks into martyrs. Do you suppose the Libertarian Alliance enjoys putting out news releases in defence of David Irving? We put these out because we believe in freedom of speech with no exceptions. We put up with the cold shoulder from other civil liberties groups, and with raised eyebrows and outright smears. We are much happier defending the rights of sexual or social minorities, whose tastes we might ourselves share or do not think in the least reprehensible. We do what we believe is our duty, and do it as well as we can - but we regret the need to do it.<br />
<br />
And they set a precedent for further censorship. If people must be careful what they say about the holocaust, why not add the alleged Armenian genocide? Or the alleged Bosnian genocide? Or the alleged Irish genocide of the 1840s? Or the Divine Mission of Christ? Or the holiness of the Prophet? Why not have legal curbs on doubts regarding the nature and extent of global warming? Indeed, on this last, there are calls for the American President to be impeached http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat?pid=163597 for his expressed doubts.<br />
<br />
Censorship is rather like torture. It is always possible to fabricate "exceptional circumstances" to justify it. Opponents can always be denounced as naive or tender-hearted. But it is always corrupting of civilised decency. Its general tendency is to undermine whatever it is called into being to uphold.<br />
<br />
I am glad that the British Government, among others, managed on this occasion to prevent a common scheme of censorship across the European Union. But I do not suppose, given the settled decline of faith in freedom of speech, that this will turn out to have been more than a holding action.<br />
<br />
NB - Sean Gabb's novel <i>The Column of Phocas </i>(£8.99) will be withdrawn from sale in the next few months, prior to its reissue in February 2008 by a multinational publishing group. Buy copies of the first edition while you can from http://tinyurl.co.uk/z31v or via Amazon: http://tinyurl.co.uk/2cnw .  The sequel has already been completed. <br />
You can download the first three chapters free of charge from: http://tinyurl.co.uk/kkl4 <br />
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<item rdf:about="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1175530860.shtml">
<title>American Judicial Complicity in Zündel Kidnapping: The Details</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1175530860.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2007-04-02T16:04+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
The governments of two self-proclaimed “free countries," Canada and Germany respectively, have long regarded Ernst Zündel, a writer of pacifist conviction, of being a “threat to national security” and a “speech criminal.”  <br />
<br />
They never could have had the opportunity to persecute him under their edicts, however, unless the police apparatus of a third self-proclaimed “free country,” the United States of America—which to this day ceremoniously boasts of its libertarian heritage—selectively, and violently, applied its immigration “laws” by kidnapping him.  <br />
<br />
Many foreign trespassers upon American private property have compounded their transgression by engaging in the murder, rape, or robbery of Americans.  In the eyes of our masters, however, Ernst Zündel is far worse than any murderer, rapist, or robber.  <br />
<br />
You see, he is a man who dares to withhold assent to that which he does not believe, even when our masters insist that what is proposed for his assent is a holy dogma that all decent human beings must affirm or, at the very least, never publicly question, let alone deny.  <br />
<br />
Ernst Zündel, who had long lived in Canada, came to reside in Tennessee at the invitation of his wife, an American citizen, Ingrid Rimland.  He now languishes in a German cell (and may not re-enter the United States until 2023) while Americans “debate” amnesty for millions of trespassers.  <br />
<br />
In their lack of interest in this grave injustice, Americans, by whom I especially mean descendents of those who were Catholics in 1500, have revealed themselves to be as spiritually sick as their trans-Atlantic cousins.<br />
<br />
Because the recent appellate decision unfavorable to Ernst Zündel was issued <i>per curiam </i>(explained below), I am publishing a report of the details of this legal farce, forwarded to me from a friend, who in turn received it in an e-mail broadcast by Mrs. Zündel.  <br />
<br />
<b>I encourage kindred spirits among my visitors to disseminate the contents of this post far and wide.</b><br />
<br />
Anthony Flood<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Proves Politically Correct in Latest Zündel Ruling<br />
<br />
By Fred Lingel<br />
<br />
In a decision issued Feb. 27, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati has unanimously upheld a lower court’s judgment stripping historian and pacifist Ernst Zündel of his right to be heard on a petition for writ of habeas corpus which was filed when Zündel was first arrested by U.S. authorities in February 2003. <br />
<br />
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<blockquote><br />
<blockquote><br />
The court held that the controversial German publisher had effectively bargained away his right to appear before a court because he last entered the United States under the Visa Waiver Pilot Program (VWPP) in May 2000. The court of appeals ignored Zündel’s arguments based on the U.S. Constitution and rejected his argument based on the expiration of the VWPP April 30, 2000.<br />
<br />
Zündel has asserted that, because the VWPP had sunset by the time of his May 2000 entry, the attorney general and INS could not have permitted him entry as a “visa waiver” alien in May 2000, and were not entitled to enforce the agreement that “visa waiver” candidates have to enter into as a condition for not having to obtain a visa. Zündel was in a routine waiting period for U.S. permanent residence through his U.S. citizen wife, Ingrid, at the time of his arrest. <br />
<br />
“Once again, Ernst Zündel has been betrayed by a federal judiciary which, in its rush to judgment, has tread roughshod on the Constitution and the letter and intent of the law in order to achieve a politically correct result,” said Zündel’s attorney, Bruce Leichty.<br />
<br />
There is no precedent for denying an individual of Zündel’s immigration status a hearing on a habeas petition, said Leichty, who noted that the courts have routinely extended habeas rights even to illegal immigrants.<br />
<br />
Recent appellate decisions have focused on whether enemy combatants held outside the United States have the right to habeas proceedings, but Zündel was never labeled as an enemy combatant or terrorist-despite ultimately being declared a “national security” risk by Canadian authorities after his summary removal from the United States.<br />
<br />
“The law in this area is well established,” said Leichty, “and a different panel of the Sixth Circuit recognized in an earlier decision that immigrants like Zündel can obtain habeas hearings even after they are deported if they face a 20-year bar like the one imposed on Mr. Zündel. But this panel was not willing to apply the law.<br />
<br />
“At the time of his arrest, Ernst Zündel was a target of several countries based on his controversial historical views about ‘the Holocaust,’ and even though he was protected by the First Amendment [in the United States], those protections have proved meaningless without judges willing to uphold them,” notes Leichty.  <br />
<br />
If the decision is allowed to stand, Zündel would be banned from reentering the United States until 2023. He is currently 67 years old.Just weeks before the Sixth Circuit decision, he was convicted in a German courtroom of “inciting racial hatred” because of his Holocaust revisionist views. Zündel asserted that he is a pacifist who is neither anti-Semitic nor racist but that he is simply a champion of his German people, and that he has the right to express different views about what happened during the World War II, including what happened to Jews.<br />
<br />
Zündel will seek a rehearing from different judges at the Sixth Circuit based on the unconstitutional suspension of his habeas rights and on known conflicts of interest of at least two members of the panel, says Leichty. One of the judges gave a prohibited campaign contribution to the Bush reelection campaign after being appointed to the federal bench and another has a daughter working in Tennessee for the U.S. attorney’s office, which handled the opposition against Zündel’s petition in a Knoxville federal court.<br />
<br />
Zündel’s attorney says he discovered both facts after the case was argued in January 2007. The judges adopted almost to the letter the argument of the Justice Department that sought to assert a distinction between the expiration of a “Visa Waiver Pilot Program period” and the expiration in April 2000 of the attorney general’s visa waiver authority itself-a distinction which was farcical, says Leichty.<br />
<br />
The February appellate decision was issued “per curiam,” meaning that none of the judges acknowledged writing the decision, and it was designated “not for publication.” There have been recent attempts to limit the extent to which federal judges can issue unpublished decisions because it is believed that judges are less accountable to the law if they know their decisions will not be widely read and inspected, notes Leichty.<br />
<br />
Only if Zündel was found to have entered the United States under the VWPP could the authorities have even thought about arresting him without a hearing, says Leichty. Typically, persons alleged to be deportable get hearings in front of immigration judges. Moreover, Leichty adds, even as to visa waiver entrants there are no published federal court decisions in which a court has ever denied jurisdiction over a habeas petition filed by someone who overstayed his visitor status.<br />
<br />
Leichty states that at the time of Zündel’s arrest, INS had a policy of not taking deportation action against immigrants awaiting permanent residence through U.S. citizen spouses, even if they had overstayed visa waivers. Zündel had been given work authorization in the United States and permission to leave and reenter. Because a Knoxville judge and now the Sixth Circuit have claimed not to have jurisdiction, however, he has never been able to present those arguments. When Zündel challenges the latest decision, that will mean that he will have legal challenges pending in three countries. He has appealed his German “thought crime” conviction, and is also hoping to benefit from a recent Canadian Supreme Court decision which held that the “security certificate” proceedings under which he was detained in Canada are unconstitutional, because they permit secret evidence.<br />
<br />
After a Canadian court declared him to be a national security risk, the Canadian government spent over $100,000 on a charter plane to fly Zündel to Germany, where he was promptly arrested on criminal speech charges for views expressed in Canada and the United States.<br />
 <br />
</blockquote><br />
</blockquote><br />
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<item rdf:about="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1170857812.shtml">
<title>“The loss of liberty . . . is worse than death.”  </title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1170857812.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2007-02-07T14:02+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
<b>Hamilton vs. Foxman, or Zinging Zenger at “Hate-Speech” Haters<br />
by Hugh Murray, Guest Flogger</b><br />
<br />
In 1735, John Peter Zenger was tried in New York for seditious libel.  Doug Linder’s <a href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zenger.html">account</a> of the trial (2001) notes the difficulty faced by the defense attorney, Alexander Hamilton of Philadelphia (not the future Secretary of the Treasury).   Hamilton’s “arguments might have been well-received by jurors, but Hamilton had almost no law to support his position that the truth should be a defense to the charge of libel.”  <br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, Chief Justice Delancey ruled that Hamilton could not present evidence of the truth of the statements contained in Zenger's Journal.  “The law is clear that you cannot justify a libel,” Delancey announced.  “The jury may find that Zenger printed and published those papers, and leave to the Court to judge whether they are libelous.”  <br />
<br />
I emphasize that one might have been guilty of libel, according to Chief Justice Delancey, even if one stated the truth.<br />
<br />
Hamilton addressed the jury with an emotional appeal on behalf of his client.   <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
The loss of liberty, to a generous mind, is worse than death.  And yet we know that there have been those in all ages who for the sake of preferment, or some imaginary honor, have freely lent a helping hand to oppress, nay to destroy, their country . . . . This is what every man who values freedom ought to consider.  He should act by judgment and not by affection or self-interest; for where those prevail, no ties of either country or kindred are regarded; as upon the other hand, the man who loves his country prefers its liberty to all other considerations, well knowing that without liberty life is a misery. . . .<br />
</blockquote><br />
The trial of Zenger and his acquittal form a cornerstone of free speech.   And yet some today would dislodge it, if they could, in America as they have done in Europe.  In the <i>New York Times</i>, James Traub recently portrayed Abraham Foxman, the director of the Anti-Defamation League, as emoting to that effect:  <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Within minutes . . . Foxman had begun to advance up his scale of spleen. He was shouting about Auschwitz and six million and then ticking off the litany of Jews who had been killed in recent years only because they were Jews: congregants in Buenos Aires, the journalist Daniel Pearl, a volunteer at a Jewish charity in Seattle — “and now Ilan,” whose kidnappers assumed that all Jews are rich. “I still hear the good people” — Foxman uses the word good in this context to mean “saps” — “coming to us in the A.D.L., saying:  ‘What are you worried about stereotypes?  They’re words!  Big deal.’  We sat with the minister of education in Spain not long ago, and she said to us, ‘When we say Jews are rich, when we say Jews are successful, it’s a compliment.’” Foxman was now full-out screaming. “And I looked at her and I said: ‘Your Excellency, no thanks. Those are words that helped pave the way to Auschwitz.’”  (James Traub, “Does Abe Foxman Have an Anti-Semite Problem?,” <i>New York Times</i>, January 14, 2007.  Here is the <a href="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1168886614.shtml">notice</a> The Flogger took of this revealing portrait.)<br />
</blockquote><br />
In <a href="http://www.anthonyflood.com/murrayaffirmativeaction.htm">“Affirmative Action and the Nazis”</a> I point out that Jews were considerably more successful and richer than non-Jews in Germany during the pre-Hitler period.  The same was true in much of Europe.   If one describes the truth of the situation, however, is one <i>ipso facto </i>guilty of libel?  Is one seditious?  <br />
<br />
My questions are not merely rhetorical: several editors of the journal to which I had originally submitted that article contended that if they published it, the journal might be banned in several countries!<br />
<br />
Governor Cosby of New York might have argued that by acquitting Zenger, the jury was leading to the dissolution of the British Empire (and in fact, America would be independent within half a century).  Foxman screamed that public references to Jewish wealth and success were paving stones on the road to another Auschwitz.  And to prevent such references, the ADL has encouraged “hate speech,” “hate crime” and similar legislation to restrict freedom of speech.  <br />
<br />
Ought new Zengers be judged guilty and imprisoned for “hate speech” even when they utter the truth?  Or ought Americans embrace their heritage of liberty and reject the counsel of the world’s new inquisitors?<br />
<br />
In exercising the right to speak, people may call for genocide, or for national independence, or any one of countless other goals.  Of course, none of the myriad possible outcomes is inevitable, for audiences are not programmed robots: one's mere speech in itself cannot cause another to undertake any overt physical action, and therefore cannot be responsible for the latter.  <br />
<br />
Restricting or punishing free speech, therefore, equating it to a physical attack on innocents, does not “lead to” tyranny.  It <i>is</i> tyranny.<br />
<br />
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<title>Harry Elmer Barnes’ “Pearl Harbor after a Quarter of a Century” after Almost Four Decades</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1165512888.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2006-12-07T17:12+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
This 132-page <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/4_1/4_1_3.pdf">monograph</a>, the last essay of <a href="http://www.anthonyflood.com/barnes.htm">Harry Elmer Barnes</a> (June 15, 1889 -August 25, 1968), exhausted what turned out to be the last issue of <i>Left and Right</i>, edited by his younger revisionist friend, Murray N. Rothbard.  (In a <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/4_1/4_1_2.pdf">note</a> Rothbard assures subscribers that although they had to shell out a whopping $1.25 for this special double issue [this was 1968], their subs would be extended by a one issue.  Sadly, there was to be no subsequent issue.)  <br />
<br />
Worthy of <i>The American Historical Review </i>which, along with all other scholarly journals, closed its doors to Barnes and those who agreed with him about World War II, “Pearl Harbor after a Quarter of a Century” took up humbler yet honorable lodgings in Murray’s short-lived periodical.  The Herculean scholar whom Murray dubbed “the last of the Romans” <br />
<blockquote><br />
spent literally years adding to, revising, and checking the entire article, so that it would pass the highest and most rigorous standards.  His friend, the Pearl Harbor expert Commander Charles C. Hiles, helped immeasurably in repeated reading and checking over the material.  We have been delighted and honored that Harry chose the pages of <i>Left and Right</i> to present what he proposed to be his final word on the subject, the culminating synthesis of a quarter century of revisionist inquiry.<br />
</blockquote><br />
And what a word it was.   For an encapsulation, we reproduce Barnes’s excerpt of a summary of his viewpoint by Northern Illinois University Professor of History, John H. Collins.  The occasion of Professor Collins’ comment was Barnes’ earlier expression of his views in the Chicago <i>Tribune</i>:<br />
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<blockquote><br />
Prof. Harry Elmer Barnes . . . has produced a detailed account of the events leading up to Pearl Harbor (as reported in <i>The Tribune</i>, Dec. 7), using documents generally unknown to the public.  And what does it all come to?<br />
<br />
That Roosevelt, while hypocritically pretending to desire peace, was actually provoking, or rather plotting, a Japanese attack, and that Roosevelt was actually driving for war against the Axis from 1939 on, and never meant his “again and again” statement of the campaign of 1940.<br />
<br />
I say Barnes is bringing a microscope to show us an elephant.  If there were naïve souls in 1940 who did not know that Roosevelt was for war, and was pulling every wire known to political manipulation to get war, their simplicity cannot now be set right by any documentary proof.<br />
<br />
As to Pearl Harbor, it was what Roosevelt had been hoping for.  If he was very pious, it was what he had been praying for.  If there had been any incantation that could have summoned it up out of a witches’ cauldron, he would have been boiling newts’ heads and snakes’ eyes in the White House kitchen.<br />
<br />
But wherefore all the moral indignation?  It was Roosevelt’s highest duty to the get the United States into the war by whatever means would achieve that result.  Because the American people were so stupid, ignorant, and complacent as to believe in ignoble ease and complacent sloth, Roosevelt was compelled to lie, bamboozle, and scheme behind a façade of pacifism.<br />
<br />
He had the courage to disregard morality to save the country, and his Machiavellian policy should be given its proper meed of historical praise. (Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, December 20, 1967)<br />
</blockquote><br />
In Murray’s moving <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/4_1/4_1_1.pdf">reminiscence</a> of his friend, mentor, and exemplar (one cannot take in his praise of Barnes’ character and scholarly industry without being struck by how well it also fits Murray himself), he justifies the publication of Barnes’ study (which for was little more than “raking up of old coals”) as necessary for facing up to a “crucial act” of American history:<br />
<blockquote><br />
[T]his subject, far from being antiquarian, is crucial to the understanding of where we are now and how we got that way.  For America’s entry into World War II was the crucial act in expanding the United States from a republic into an Empire, and in spreading that Empire throughout the world . . . . Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society, in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state, an overweening military-industrial complex, a permanent system of conscription.  It was the crucial act in creating a Mixed Economy run by Big Government, a system of State-Monopoly-Capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism.  It was the crucial act in elevating Presidential power, particularly in foreign affairs, to the role of single most despotic person in the history of the world.  And finally, World War II is the last war-myth left, the myth that the Old Left clings to in pure desperation: the myth that here, at least, was a good war, here was a war in which America was in the right.  World War II is the war thrown into our faces by the war-making Establishment, as it tries, in each war that we face, to wrap itself in the mantle of good and righteous World War II. <br />
</blockquote><br />
The contemporary relevance of the foregoing should be obvious.<br />
<br />
It is a joy for me to note that instead of unprofitably collecting mold in attics, all nine issues of <i><a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/left-right.asp">Left and Right</a></i> are available online in facsimile.  Their inexpensive (and so charmingly ugly) typeface should remind bloggers of the costs that once attached to getting one’s point-of-view past the gatekeepers.   Many of those for whom the Second World War (or, for that matter, the Vietnam War) is as psychologically remote as the Siege of Troy take for granted the contemporary abundance of online content.  Few today have any idea of the labor that went into laying out the pages, sending them to the printer, lugging the bound issues back to one’s home for envelope-stuffing and -labeling, carting off to the post office those that were sold, and inventorying the unsold in one’s basement (or bedroom).  <br />
<br />
To put things in perspective: whereas Murray labored over three years to physically publish <i>Left and Right</i>’s 59 articles and editorials for the benefit of a few hundred subscribers, <a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com">Lew Rockwell</a> now posts online an equivalent quantity and quality in a little more than a week. And reaches millions.<br />
<br />
Let’s take a moment today not only to reflect on Roosevelt’s 65-year-old infamy and the lives it destroyed to whip Americans up into a war frenzy, but also to remember courageous men like Barnes who exposed the official murderous lies behind the first Pearl Harbor, and <a href="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1159202177.shtml">David Ray Griffin</a>, who has exposed those behind the second.<br />
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<title>Timothy Garton Ash: Scrap Holocaust Denial Laws!</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1161468880.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2006-10-21T22:10+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
I'm delighted to have just learned that on Thursday, October 19, the day I posted <a href="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1161274471.shtml">No Denial of Any Kind Should Be a Crime Anywhere</a>, the contents of which I had sent who-knows-where back in January, Oxford's historian of post-war Europe, <a href="http://www.timothygartonash.com/biography.html">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, made a case for scrapping Holocaust denial laws and <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1925401,00.html">got it published</a> in the <i>Guardian</i>.<br />
<br />
I had noted that "'The Holocaust' refers to many thousands of events over a dozen years. Some historical narratives that were once widely accepted as having a factual basis have lost that status. Only historical inquiry, not legal compulsion, can responsibly impute credibility to one account and deny it to another." But somehow it carries more weight when coming from an Oxonian historian:<br />
<blockquote><br />
"No one can legislate historical truth. In so far as historical truth can be established at all, it must be found by unfettered historical research, with historians arguing over the evidence and the facts, testing and disputing each other's claims without fear of prosecution or persecution."<br />
</blockquote><br />
I had noted that the "irony of punishing speech in the name of preventing a 'resurgence of Nazism' may be lost on the punishers, but not on their victims and their supporters. Those laws therefore become unintended liabilities in the fight against any such 'resurgence.'"  As Ash put it more tersely:<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Those European countries that have them should repeal not only their blasphemy laws but also their laws on Holocaust denial. Otherwise the charge of double standards is impossible to refute. What's sauce for the goose must be sauce for the gander."<br />
</blockquote><br />
The remarkable op-ed concludes:<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Today, if we want to defend free speech in our own countries and to encourage it in places where it is currently denied, we should be calling for David Irving to be released from his Austrian prison. . . . Only when we are prepared to allow our own most sacred cows to be poked in the eye can we credibly demand that Islamists, Turks and others do the same. This is a time not for erecting taboos but for dismantling them. We must practice what we preach."<br />
</blockquote><br />
Sometimes putting in one's own two cents means alerting others to the gold bar that was just invested in an urgent contemporary debate.  If that is the only role courageous voices like Professor Ash's leaves me, and I am happy to play it.<br />
<br />
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<title>No Denial of Any Kind Should Be a Crime Anywhere</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1161274471.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2006-10-19T16:10+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
Not only should the Iranian President not be <a href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/549d1952-ecf3-433d-9437-c85dc16fd7e6.html">prosecuted</a> (by Germany!) for expressing views (in Iran!) that many find offensive, neither should anyone else.  For several reasons, statutes criminalizing "denying the Holocaust" tend to discredit the legal systems that contain them: <br />
<br />
(1) One group’s feelings may be protected, while another group of offended are treated to a lecture on the sanctity of free speech (e.g., those notorious Dutch cartoons).  <br />
<br />
(2) The laws do not define the event whose occurrence is allegedly being denied.  They therefore blur the difference between universal and particular skepticism.  In practice, Holocaust denial laws treat those who raise questions about particular events as lunatic doubters of a whole class of events.  "The Holocaust" refers to many thousands of events over a dozen years.  Some historical narratives that were once widely accepted as having a factual basis have lost that status.  Only historical inquiry, not legal compulsion, can responsibly impute credibility to one account and deny it to another.  <br />
<br />
(3) The irony of punishing speech in the name of preventing a “resurgence of Nazism” may be lost on the punishers, but not on their victims and their supporters.  Those laws therefore become unintended liabilities in the fight against any such “resurgence.”]]></content:encoded>
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<item rdf:about="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1145472112.shtml">
<title>German Government Guilty of Holocaust Denial?</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1145472112.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2006-04-19T18:04+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
According to an 1998 <a href="http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v17/v17n6p19_reparations.html">article</a> citing contemporaneous German periodicals, Germany has paid more than $61 billion in wartime reparations since 1951, much of it to the New York City-based Jewish Claims Conference since the Federal Republic of Germany’s Federal Restitution Law took effect in 1965.  <br />
<br />
That’s right: <b>$61+ billion as of eight years ago.</b><br />
<br />
Yesterday, U.S. Holocaust Museum Senior Advisor for External Affairs Arthur Berger declared that “Germany's leaders had embraced their country's responsibility for the evils of the Nazi era,” as the <i>New York Times </i>reporter <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/19/world/europe/19nazi.html">paraphrased</a> it.  <br />
<br />
This was not in response to a report on the magnitude of German reparations.  No, he simply learned that the German government acceded to his demand that it liberalize access to the fifteen miles of Holocaust archives in its possession.<br />
<br />
Two months ago, however, again according to the <i>Times</i> article, Mr. Berger characterized resistance to this demand as “a form of Holocaust denial.” <br />
<br />
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How easily that charge comes to lips of a Holocaust Museum official!  <br />
<br />
A German citizen with the temerity to treat a complex of events empirically and to arrive at officially disapproved conclusions will be subject to star chamber proceedings during which the truth is irrelevant as a defense and at the end of which a jail cell is waiting.  If they are expatriates, non-German governments will cooperate in kidnapping and deportation the heretics, as <a href="http://germarrudolf.com/">Germar Rudolf</a> and <a href="http://www.zundelsite.org/">Ernst Zündel</a> have learned.  During their trial, their attorneys may not even enunciate the views of their clients without risking being charged with the same crime.<br />
<br />
Yet Mr. Berger thought nothing of toying with that loaded weapon at the expense of German government functionaries who have been otherwise most compliant with the demands of <a href="http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/">the Holocaust Industry</a> of which he is a captain.<br />
<br />
Of course, German governmental resistance to total archives access did not at all stem from any wavering regarding The Dogma.  At bottom was merely a concern for the “privacy” of the Third Reich’s victims and their relatives.  “The papers may disclose, for instance, who was treated for lice at which camp,” the <i>Times</i> reports, “what medical experiments were conducted on particular prisoners, and which inmates were tempted to collaborate with their captors.”  (Presumably, evidence of such temptation consists entirely of evidence of actual collaboration.)<br />
<br />
The payment of $61+ billion means nothing.  <br />
<br />
The incarceration of living writers who discredit details of the factual basis of the Holocaust Industry, coupled with such solicitude for the privacy of the dead, means nothing.  <br />
<br />
All that matters now is whether you are compliant with their latest demand.  If you are not, then you are engaging in “a form of Holocaust denial.”<br />
<br />
Isn’t it good to live in the free world?  Even David Irving, languishing in jail in one of its precincts, Austria, thinks he’s from “a free country.”  Here’s what he said to Sky News around the time Mr. Berger’s tongue was wagging so irresponsibly:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
22 Feb 06 London - David Irving, a British historian who was jailed in Austria for denying the Holocaust took place, said on Wednesday he had the "right to be wrong" and vowed not to be silenced. <br />
<br />
"In my view, freedom of speech means the freedom to say things to other people that they don't want to hear," Irving told Britain's Sky News television in an interview from his prison. <br />
<br />
"And if that causes offence to them, then that's partly their problem and partly mine. <br />
<br />
"Freedom of speech is the right to be wrong, basically. Sometimes I'm wrong." <br />
<br />
Irving, 67, pleaded guilty on Monday on a charge dating from 1989 of denying the Nazi extermination of six million Jews in Europe during World War II, but insisted that he no longer questioned the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz concentration camp. <br />
<br />
The court in Vienna sentenced him to three years in prison. <br />
<br />
He told Sky News that he had heard that there was an effort in Austria to extend his sentence, which he dismissed as an attempt to silence him, saying: "I come from a free country and I'm not going to let anybody silence me." <br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
<br />
You can still listen to him say this in his own voice <a href="http://www.sky.com/skynews/video/videoplayer/0,,91134-irvinginterview_220206_1100,00.html ">here</a>.<br />
<br />
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<title>Another Distinguished Jewish Philosopher Assails Holocaust Denial Laws!</title>
<link>http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1142352918.shtml</link>
<description>...</description>
<dc:creator>Anthony Flood</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2006-03-14T16:03+00:00</dc:date>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
Professor Ronald Dworkin joins the list of distinguished scholars, like <a href="http://anthonyflood.powerblogs.com/posts/1141331936.shtml">Peter Singer</a>, who fear more the consequences of repressing viewpoints they loathe than they fear the consequences of freely expressing them.<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
“Muslims who are outraged by the Danish cartoons note that in several European countries it is a crime publicly to deny, as the president of Iran has denied, that the Holocaust ever took place. They say that Western concern for free speech is therefore only self-serving hypocrisy, and they have a point. But of course the remedy is not to make the compromise of democratic legitimacy even greater than it already is but to work toward a new understanding of the European Convention on Human Rights that would strike down the Holocaust-denial law and similar laws across Europe for what they are: violations of the freedom of speech that that convention demands.”<br />
<br />
Ronald Dworkin, <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18811">“The Right to Ridicule,”</a> <br />
<i>The New York Review of Books</i>, March 23, 2006<br />
</blockquote><br />
<center><img src="/files/anthonyflood-Dworkin.bmp" width="200" height="304"  alt=""></center><br />
Ronald Dworkin is Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at NYU and Jeremy Bentham Professor of Law and Philosophy at University College, London. His books include <i>Life's Dominion, Freedom's Law</i>, and <i>Sovereign Virtue</i>. His new book, <i>Justice in Robes</i>, will be published in April. ]]></content:encoded>
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